^ a b c d e f Katharina., Lodders (1998).Titan and Triton each have a mantle made of ice or other solid volatile substances. The lunar mantle contains a seismic discontinuity at ~500 kilometers (310 miles) depth, most likely related to a change in composition. The lunar mantle might be exposed in the South Pole-Aitken basin or the Crisium basin. The silicate mantle of the Earth's moon is approximately 1300–1400 km thick, and is the source of mare basalts. Jupiter's moons Io, Europa, and Ganymede have silicate mantles Io's ~1,100 kilometers (680 miles) silicate mantle is overlain by a volcanic crust, Ganymede's ~1,315 kilometers (817 miles) thick silicate mantle is overlain by ~835 kilometers (519 miles) of ice, and Europa's ~1,165 kilometers (724 miles) km silicate mantle is overlain by ~85 kilometers (53 miles) of ice and possibly liquid water. Mars's silicate mantle is approximately 1,600 kilometers (990 miles) thick, constituting ~74–88% of its mass, and may be represented by chassignite meteorites. Venus's silicate mantle is approximately 2,800 kilometers (1,700 miles) thick, constituting around 70% of its mass. Mercury has a silicate mantle approximately 490 kilometers (300 miles) thick, constituting only 28% of its mass. Partial melting of the mantle at mid-ocean ridges produces oceanic crust, and partial melting of the mantle at subduction zones produces continental crust. It is predominantly solid, but in geological time it behaves as a viscous fluid. It has a thickness of 2,900 kilometres (1,800 mi) making up about 84% of Earth's volume.
Its mass of 4.01 × 10 24 kg is 67% the mass of the Earth. The Earth's mantle is a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer core.
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